## 5.4 Space Uses

Each thermal zone discussed above may be subdivided into spaces. This section presents the building descriptors that relate to the space uses. Space uses and the defaults associated with them are 'listed in Appendix 5.4A. Every thermal zone shall have at least one space, as defined in this section. Daylit spaces should generally be separately defined by space type and/or orientation.

### 5.4.1 General Information

Space Type
Applicability | All projects
Definition | The space function type that defines occupancy, internal load, and other characteristics, as indicated in Appendix 5.4A. If lighting compliance is not performed, use either approach but actual LPDs cannot be entered for the spaces; the LPDs of the building match the standard design. The allowed space function types in area category are available from Appendix 5.4A. The building or space type determines the following baseline inputs: Number of occupants (occupant density) Equipment power density Lighting power density Hot water load Ventilation rate Schedules (from Appendix 5.4B)
Units | List
Input Restrictions | Only selections shown in Appendix 5.4A may be used. For unconditioned spaces, the user must enter “unconditioned” as the occupancy and ventilation; internal loads and uses are set to zero. Compliance software shall require the user to identify if lighting compliance is performed (lighting plans are included or have already been submitted).
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Floor Area
Applicability | All projects
Definition | The floor area of the space The area of the spaces that make up a thermal zone shall sum to the floor area of the thermal zone.
Units | Square feet (ft²)
Input Restrictions | Area shall be measured to the outside of exterior walls and to the center line of partitions
Standard Design | Area shall be identical to the proposed design
Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

### 5.4.2 Infiltration

Infiltration Method
Applicability | All projects
Definition | Energy simulation programs have a variety of methods for modeling uncontrolled air leakage or infiltration. Some procedures use the effective leakage area which is generally applicable for small residential scale buildings. The component leakage method requires the user to specify the average leakage through the building envelope per unit area (ft²). Other methods require the specification of a maximum rate, which is modified by a schedule.
Units | List effective leakage area, component leakage, or air changes per hour
Input Restrictions | For the purpose of California compliance and reach, the component leakage area is prescribed; a fixed infiltration rate shall be specified and calculated as a leakage per area of exterior envelope, including the gross area of exterior walls and fenestration but excluding roofs and exposed floors.
Standard Design | The infiltration method used for the standard design shall be the same as the proposed design.

Infiltration Data
Applicability | All projects
Definition | Information needed to characterize the infiltration rate in buildings. The required information will depend on the infiltration method selected above. For the effective leakage area method, typical inputs are leakage per exterior wall area in ft² or other suitable units and information to indicate the height of the building and how shielded the site is from wind pressures. Only zones with exterior wall area are assumed to be subject to infiltration.
Units | A data structure is required to define the effective leakage area model. For the purpose of California compliance and reach, infiltration shall be calculated each hour using the following equation: Where:
| zone infiltration airflow (m³/s-m²)
= | design zone infiltration airflow (m³/s-m²)
= | fractional adjustment from a prescribed schedule, based on HVAC availability schedules in Appendix 5.4B(unitless)
= | zone air temperature (°C)
= | outdoor dry bulb temperature (°C)
= | the windspeed (m/s)
A = | overall coefficient (unitless)
B = | temperature coefficient (1/°C)
C = | windspeed coefficient (s/m)
D = | windspeed squared coefficient (s²/m²)
Input Restrictions | For the proposed design,2 (0.000228 m³/s-m²) times the gross wall area exposed to ambient outdoor air. A, B and D shall be fixed at zero. C shall be fixed at 0.10016 hr/mile (0.224 s/m). For nonresidential spaces with operable windows that do not have interlocks, the CBECC software shall automatically increase infiltration to the space by 0.15 cfm/ft2 whenever the outside air temperature is between 50°F and 90°F and when the HVAC system is operating. For high-rise residential spaces with operable windows that do not have interlocks, the CBECC software shall automatically increase infiltration to the space by 0.02 cfm/ft2 whenever the outside air temperature is between 50°F and 90°F and when the HVAC system is operating.
Standard Design | The standard design shall use the equation listed above, with coefficients A, B, and D set to 0. C shall be set to 0.10016 hr/mile (0.224 s/m).2.

Infiltration Schedule
Applicability | When an infiltration method is used that requires the specification of a schedule
Definition | With the ACH method and other methods (see above), it may be necessary to specify a schedule that modifies the infiltration rate for each hour or time step of the simulation. Typically the schedule is either on or off but can also be fractional.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | The infiltration schedule shall be prescribed based on the HVAC system operating schedules from Appendix 5.4B. The infiltration schedule shall be set equal to 1 when the HVAC system is scheduled off and 0.25 when the HVAC system is scheduled on. This is based on the assumption that when the HVAC system is on it brings the pressure of the interior space above the pressure of the exterior, decreasing the infiltration of outside air. When the HVAC system is off, interior pressure drops below exterior pressure and infiltration increases. A possible incorporation of the prescriptive requirement for interlocks for operable windows will model mixed mode ventilation as an increased infiltration rate when outside air conditions allow.
Standard Design | The infiltration schedule for the standard design shall be set equal to 1 when the HVAC system is scheduled off and 0.25 when the HVAC system is scheduled on.

### 5.4.3 Occupants

For space level information on occupancy, lighting, and plug load schedules, as well as occupant density, allowed lighting power density. Appendix 5.4A provides a table of allowed space types.

Fixed Seating in Space
Applicability | All projects that have a space with fixed seating (such as a theater or auditorium)
Definition | This is a flag that indicates that the space has fixed seating. If checked, this flag allows the user to override the default occupancy with values that comply with the California Building Code.
Units | Boolean
Input Restrictions | As designed May not be used with high-rise residential, hotel/motel, unoccupied, and unleased tenant area spaces. The default is false.
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Existing Buildings | The number of occupants must be identical for both the proposed and baseline design cases.

Dwelling Units per Space
Applicability | High-rise residential projects
Definition | The number of residential living units within a single compliance model space
Units | Boolean
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | 1
Existing Buildings | 1

Number of Bedrooms
Applicability | High-rise residential projects
Definition | The number of bedrooms per dwelling unit
Units | Integer
Input Restrictions | As designed but constrained to a minimum of 0 (studio) and a maximum of 5
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Number of Occupants
Applicability | High-rise residential projects
Definition | The number of people in a space. The number of people is modified by an hourly schedule (see below), which approaches but does not exceed 1.0. Therefore, the number of people specified by the building descriptor is similar to design conditions as opposed to average occupancy.
Units | The number of people may be specified in an absolute number, ft²/person, or people/1000 ft².
Input Restrictions | The number of occupants is prescribed, and the values are given by Space Type in Appendix 5.4A, For high-rise residential spaces, the number of occupants is defined as: Max (number of bedrooms +1, 2).
Standard Design | The number of occupants must be identical for both the proposed and baseline design cases.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | The number of occupants must be identical for both the proposed and baseline design cases.

Occupant Heat Rate
Applicability | All projects
Definition | The sensible and latent heat produced by each occupant in an hour. This depends on the activity level of the occupants and other factors. Heat produced by occupants must be removed by the air conditioning system as well as the outside air ventilation rate and can have a significant impact on energy consumption.
Units | Btu/h specified separately for sensible and latent gains
Input Restrictions | The occupant heat rate is prescribed for California compliance
Standard Design | The occupant heat rate for the baseline building shall be the same as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Occupancy Schedule
Applicability | All projects
Definition | The occupancy schedule modifies the number of occupants to account for expected operational patterns in the building. The schedule adjusts the heat contribution from occupants to the space on an hourly basis to reflect time-dependent usage patterns. The occupancy schedule can also affect other factors such as outside air ventilation, depending on the control mechanisms specified.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | The occupant schedule is prescribed for California compliance. For California compliance, an appropriate schedule from Appendix 5.4B shall be used.
Standard Design | Occupancy schedules are identical for proposed and baseline building designs.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

### 5.4.4 Interior Lighting

The building descriptors in this s are provided for each lighting system. Typically a space will have only one lighting system but, in some cases, it could have two or more. Examples include a general and task lighting system in offices, or hotel multi-purpose rooms that have lighting systems for different functions. It may also be desirable to define different lighting systems for areas that are daylit and those that are not.

Lighting Classification Method
Applicability | Each space in the building
Definition | Indoor lighting power can be specified using the area category method or the tailored method. Area category method can be used for all areas of the building with space types listed in Appendix 5.4A. This method can be used by itself or with the tailored lighting method. Tailored lighting method can be used for spaces with primary function listed in Table 140.6-D of the standards. The tailored lighting method is intended to accommodate special lighting applications. The tailored lighting method can be used by itself for all areas of the building or with the area category method. For a given area only one classification type can be used.
Units | List
Input Restrictions | Only area category or tailored lighting are allowed
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

#### Table 6: Lighting Specification

Options: Lighting Classification Method | Area category method | Tailored lighting Method
Allowed combinations with other lighting classification methods | May be combined with tailored method | May be combined with area category method
Allowed Regulated lighting power types | General lighting power Custom lighting power | General lighting power Custom lighting power
Allowed Trade-offs | General lighting between conditioned spaces using area category method General lighting between conditioned spaces using area category and tailored method | General lighting between conditioned spaces using tailored method General lighting between conditioned spaces using tailored and area category method
Exception: With the area category method, custom lighting power can be used only if the tailored lighting method is not used in any area of the building.

Regulated Interior Lighting Power Density
Applicability | All projects when lighting compliance is performed
Definition | Total connected lighting power density for all regulated interior lighting power This includes the loads for lamps and ballasts. The total regulated interior lighting power density is the sum of general lighting power and applicable custom lighting power per floor area in a space. Calculation of lighting power for conditioned spaces is done separately from unconditioned spaces. Lighting in unconditioned spaces can be modeled, but total lighting power in unconditioned spaces is not enforced in the compliance software. Lighting in unconditioned spaces must follow prescriptive compliance, and must be documented on appropriate compliance forms. No tradeoffs are allowed between lighting in conditioned spaces and lighting in unconditioned spaces.
Units | W/ft2
Input Restrictions | Proposed value is: a) For the area category method: the sum of the proposed general lighting power and the proposed general lighting exceptional power within a conditioned space or a user input value if no interior lighting systems are modeled. b) For the tailored lighting method: the sum of the proposed general lighting power and the proposed custom lighting power within a conditioned space or a user input value if no interior lighting systems are modeled. When lighting compliance is not performed, the lighting power may not be entered and is set equal to the lighting level of the baseline building, which is set to the levels for the selected occupancy from Appendix 5.4A.
Standard Design | For spaces without special task lighting, wall display lighting or similar requirements, this input will be the same as the general lighting power density. See the general lighting power building descriptor for details. With the area category and tailored method regulated interior lighting power for each space will be the sum of general lighting power and allowed custom lighting power. For alterations where less than 40 luminaires have been modified the standard design is the existing lighting condition before the alteration. If 40 or more luminaires have been modified, the prescriptive requirements for new construction apply.

General Lighting Power
Applicability | All spaces or projects
Definition | General lighting power is the power used by installed electric lighting that provides a uniform level of illumination throughout an area, exclusive of any provision for special visual tasks or decorative effect, and also known as ambient lighting.
Units | Watts
Input Restrictions | As designed For spaces without special task lighting, wall display lighting or similar requirements, this input will be the same as the regulated lighting power. Trade-offs in general lighting power are allowed between spaces all using the area category method, between spaces all using the tailored lighting method and between spaces that use area category and tailored methods. See Table 6: Lighting Specification for details.
Standard Design | With the area category method, general lighting power is the product of the lighting power densities for the space type from Appendix 5.4A and the floor areas for the corresponding conditioned spaces. With the tailored lighting method, general lighting power is the product of the lighting power density for the primary function type in Table 140.6-D of the standards and the floor area of the space. The lighting power density is given as a function of room cavity ratio (RCR) and interior illumination level in Table 140.6-G. No interpolation is allowed for this table. The general lighting power in the tailored method is calculated by the following steps: Step 1. Determine illumination level from Table 140.6-D by matching the primary function area in Table 140.6-D with the space type in Appendix 5.4A. Step 2. Calculate the room cavity ratio (RCR) by using the applicable equation in Table 140.6-F. Rectangular Rooms: RCR = 5 x H x (L+W) / (L x W) Irregular Rooms: RCR = 2.5 x H x P / A Where: L = length of room; W = width of room; H = vertical distance from the work plane to the centerline of the lighting fixture; P = perimeter of room, and A = area of room Step 3. Determine the general lighting in the space(s) using the tailored method by a look-up in Table 140.6-G, where the general lighting LPD is a function of illuminance level and RCR. No interpolation is allowed for this table. A space between two illuminance levels (for example, 150 lux) uses the applicable LPD from the next lower illuminance level (100 lux). The standard design uses the irregular room RCR equation for both simplified and detailed geometry models. The standard design lighting power is modified by a factor of 1/1.20 (0.833) if the simplified geometry approach is used and if the visible transmittance of any fenestration in the space does not meet the prescriptive requirements established in Section 140.3 of the standards.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | When the lighting status is “existing” (and unaltered) for the space, the standard design is the same as the existing, proposed design. When the lighting status is “altered” for the space, and at least 10 percent of existing luminaires have been altered: a) If the lighting status is “existing”, then the standard design LPD is the same as the proposed design. b) If the lighting status is “new”, then the standard design LPD is same as new construction. c) If the lighting status is “altered”, then the standard design LPD is the same as new construction.

General Lighting Exceptional Power
Applicability | Spaces that use the area category method; note that some exceptional allowances are only applicable to certain space types. See Table 140.6-C of the standards.
Definition | The standards provide an additional lighting power allowance for special cases. Each of these lighting system cases is treated separately as “use-it-or-lose-it” lighting--the user receives no credit (standard design matches proposed) but there is a maximum power allowance for each item). There are eight lighting power allowances, as defined in the standards Table 140.6-C footnotes:
Units | Data structure. This input has eight data elements: 1. Specialized task work, laboratory (W/ft2) 2. Specialized task work, other approved areas (W/ft2) 3. Ornamental lighting (W/ft2) 4. Precision commercial and industrial work (W/ft2) 5. White board or chalk board lighting (W/linear foot) 6. Accent, display and feature lighting (W/ft2) 7. Decorative Lighting (W/ft2) 8. Videoconferencing studio lighting (W/ft2)
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The standard design general lighting exceptional power (GLEP) is given by the following equation: Where:
| The GLEP of the standard design
| The proposed GLEP of the footnote allowance i in the data structure above, or in the footnotes to Table 140.6-C of the standards
| The general lighting exceptional allowance (GLEA) , which is the maximum allowed added lighting power in the rightmost column in Table 140.6-C of the standards; these allowances are, for GLEA1 through GLEA8, 0.2 W/ft2, 0.5 W/ft2, 0.5 W/ft2, 1.0 W/ft2, 5.5 W/linear foot, 0.3 W/ft2, 0.2 W/ft2 and 1.5 W/ft2, respectively
| The general lighting exceptional task area (GLETA) for the ith exception, where the exception number corresponds to the area category exception number in the footnotes to Table 140.-C of the standards
Standard Design: Existing Buildings |

General Lighting Exceptional Task Area
Applicability | Spaces that use area category method
Definition | The area associated with each of the exceptional lighting allowances in the GLEP building descriptor
Units | ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed but cannot exceed the floor area of the space
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

White Board Length
Applicability | Spaces that use area category method and take GLEP allowance #5
Definition | The linear length of the white board or chalk board in feet
Units | Ft
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Custom Lighting Power
Applicability | All spaces or projects that use the tailored lighting method
Definition | Custom lighting power covers lighting sources that are not included as general lighting, including task lighting, display lighting, and other specialized lighting designated in the footnotes to Table 140.6-C and lighting systems in Table 140.6-D of the standards. This lighting must be entered separately from the general lighting because it is not subject to tradeoffs. Software shall allow the user to input a custom lighting input for the allowed lighting system. If area category method is used, custom lighting power cannot be used if the tailored method is used for any area of the building. See Table 6: Lighting Specification for details.
Units | Watts
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Same as proposed but subject to the maximum limits specified in the footnotes to Table 140.6-C and Table 140.6-D of the standards. For spaces using the tailored method, the maximum allowed custom power is defined by the following procedure: The standard design custom lighting power is calculated by the sum of the following four terms: 1) The product of the standard design wall display power and the standard design wall display length; 2) The product of the standard design floor and task lighting power and the standard design floor and task lighting area; 3) The product of the standard design ornamental and special effect lighting power, and the standard design ornamental and special effect lighting area; and 4) The product of the standard design very valuable display case power and the standard design very valuable display case area.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | For alterations where less than 10 percent of existing luminaires have been modified, the baseline is the existing lighting condition before the alteration. If 10 percent or more luminaires have been altered, the custom lighting power for the baseline is the same as proposed, but subject to the limits specified in the footnotes to Table 140.6-C of the standards.

Wall Display Power
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting power allowed for wall display, as specified in standards Table 140.6-D, column 3
Units | W/ft
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The standard design lighting power is the lesser of the proposed design wall display power or the limit specified in Table 140.6-D for the applicable space type.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Wall Display Length
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The horizontal length of the wall display lighting area using the tailored method for the space
Units | ft
Input Restrictions | As designed but this value cannot exceed the floor area of the space
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Floor and Task Lighting Power
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting power allowed for floor display and task lighting, as specified in Table 140.6-D, column 4, of the standards
Units | W/ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The standard design floor and task lighting power is the lesser of the proposed design floor and task lighting power or the limit specified in Table 140.6-D, column 4, for the applicable space type.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Floor and Task Lighting Area
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting area that is served by the floor and task lighting defined using the tailored method for the space
Units | ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed but this value cannot exceed the floor area of the space
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Ornamental and Special Effect Lighting Power
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting power allowed for ornamental and special effect lighting, as specified in Table 140.6-D, column 5, of the standards
Units | W/ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The standard design ornamental and special effect lighting power is the lesser of the proposed design ornamental and special effect lighting power or the limit specified in Table 140.6-D, column 5, for the applicable space type.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Ornamental and Special Effect Lighting Area
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting area that is served by the ornamental and special effect lighting defined using the tailored method for the space
Units | ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed but this value cannot exceed the floor area of the space
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Very Valuable Display Case Lighting Power
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The lighting power allowed for very valuable display case lighting, as specified in standards section 140.6(c)3L
Units | W/ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The standard design very valuable display case lighting power is the lesser of: a) The product of the area of the primary function and 0.8 W/ft2; b) The product of the area of the display case and 12 W/ft2; or c) The proposed very valuable display lighting power.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Very Valuable Display Case Lighting Area
Applicability | All spaces that use the tailored method
Definition | The area of the very valuable display case(s) in plan view
Units | ft2
Input Restrictions | As designed but this value cannot exceed the floor area of the space
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Non-Regulated Interior Lighting Power
Applicability | All projects
Definition | For California, §140.6(a)3 of the energy efficiency standards identifies non-regulated (exempted) lighting.
Units | W/ft2 or Watts
Input Restrictions | As designed The non-regulated lighting power should be cross-referenced to the type of exception and to the construction documents. The default for non-regulated lighting power is zero.
Standard Design | The non-regulated interior lighting in the baseline building shall be the same as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Lighting Schedules
Applicability | All projects
Definition | Schedule of operation for interior lighting power used to adjust the energy use of lighting systems on an hourly basis to reflect time-dependent patterns of lighting usage
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | The lighting schedule is prescribed for California compliance. An appropriate schedule from Appendix 5.4B shall be used.
Standard Design | The non-regulated interior lighting in the baseline building shall be the same as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Tailored Lighting General Illumination Height
Applicability | Spaces that have special tailored lighting power allowances
Definition | The illumination height is the vertical distance from the work plane to the centerline of the luminaire. This distance is used in the room cavity ratio (RCR) calculation which determines the allowed general lighting power density for a tailored lighting space.
Units | Ft
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Same as proposed The illumination height, H, is used to calculate the RCR and therefore the baseline general lighting power. See general lighting power for details.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Floor/Wall Display Mounting Height Above Floor
Applicability | Spaces that have wall display or floor display lighting and tailored lighting power allowances
Definition | The mounting height of wall display or floor display lighting above the floor
Units | List one of three choices: a) <12 ft b) 12-16 ft c) > 16 ft
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | As designed The entered value maps to Table 140.6-E of the standards, that provides an adjustment multiplier for the tailored lighting wall power allowance in Table 140.6-D. The multiplier is 1.15 if the mounting height is 12’ to 16’, and 1.30 if greater than 16’. The compliance software must perform input processing to perform the necessary requirements.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as proposed

Fixture Type
Applicability | All interior light fixtures
Definition | The type of lighting fixture, which is used to determine light heat gain distribution
Units | List: one of three choices: a) Recessed with lens b) Recessed/downlight c) Not in ceiling
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Recessed/downlight
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Recessed/downlight

Luminaire Type
Applicability | All interior light fixtures
Definition | The type of lighting luminaire used to determine the light heat gain distribution The dominant luminaire type determines the daylight dimming characteristics, when there is more than one type of luminaire in the space.
Units | List one of three choices: a) Linear fluorescent b) Compact fluorescent lamp c) Incandescent d) Light emitting diode e) Metal halide f) Mercury vapor g) High pressure sodium
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Linear fluorescent
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Linear fluorescent

Light Heat Gain Distribution
Applicability | All projects
Definition | The distribution of the heat generated by the lighting system that is directed to the space, the plenum, the HVAC return air, or to other locations This input is a function of the luminaire type and location. Luminaires recessed into a return air plenum contribute more of their heat to the plenum or the return air stream if the plenum is used for return air; while pendant mounted fixtures hanging in the space contribute more of their heat to the space. Common luminaire type/space configurations are listed in Table 3, Chapter 18, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, summarized in Table 7. Typically the data will be linked to list of common luminaire configurations similar to Table 7 so that the user chooses a luminaire type category and heat gain is automatically distributed to the appropriate locations.
Units | List (of luminaire types) or data structure consisting of a series of decimal fractions that assign heat gain to various locations
Input Restrictions | Heat gain distribution is fixed to Table 7 values based on the luminaire, fixture, and distribution type. Where lighting fixtures having different heat venting characteristics are used within a single space, the wattage weighted average heat-to-return-air fraction shall be used.
Standard Design | The baseline building shall use the values in Table 7 for recessed fluorescent luminaires without lens.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction

#### Table 7: Light Heat Gain Parameters for Typical Operating Conditions

Based on Table 3, Chapter 18, 2009 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals

Fixture Type | Luminaire Type | Return Type | Space Fraction | Radiative Fraction
Recessed with Lens | Linear Fluorescent | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.67
Plenum | 0.45 | 0.67
Recessed/ Downlight | Linear Fluorescent | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.58
Plenum | 0.69 | 0.58
CFL | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.97
Plenum | 0.20 | 0.97
Incandescent | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.97
Plenum | 0.75 | 0.97
LED | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.97
Plenum | 0.20 | 0.97
Metal Halide | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.97
Plenum | 0.75 | 0.97
Non In Ceiling | Linear Fluorescent | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
CFL | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
Incandescent | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
LED | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
Metal Halide | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
Mercury Vapor | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
| Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54
High Pressure Sodium | Ducted/Direct | 1.00 | 0.54
| Plenum | 1.00 | 0.54

In this table, the Space Fraction is the fraction of the lighting heat gain that goes to the space; the radiative fraction is the fraction of the
heat gain to the space that is due to radiation, with the remaining heat gain to the space due to convection.

Power Adjustment Factors (PAF)
Applicability | All projects
Definition | Automatic controls that are not already required by the baseline standard and which reduce lighting power more or less uniformly over the day can be modeled as power adjustment factors. Power adjustment factors represent the percent reduction in lighting power that will approximate the effect of the control. Models account for such controls by multiplying the controlled watts by (1–PAF). Eligible California power adjustment factors are defined in Table 140.6-A. Reduction in lighting power using the PAF method can be used only for nonresidential controlled general lights. Only one PAF can be used for a qualifying lighting system unless multiple adjustment factors are allowed in Table 140.6.A of the standards. Controls for which PAFs are eligible are listed in Table 140.6-A of the standards and include: a) Occupancy Sensing Controls for qualifying enclosed spaces and open offices. b) Demand Response Controls – Demand responsive lighting control that reduces lighting power consumption in response to a demand response signal for qualifying building types. c) Institutional tuning – lighting tuned to not use more than 85 percent of rated power, per Section 140.6 of the standards. d) Daylight dimming plus off controls – daylight dimming controls that automatically shut off luminaires when natural lighting provides an illuminance level of at least 150 percent of the space requirement, as specified by the standards.
Units | List: eligible control types (see above) linked to PAFs
Input Restrictions | PAF shall be fixed for a given control and area type
Standard Design | PAF is zero
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | PAF is zero

### 5.4.5 Daylighting Control

This group of building descriptors is applicable for spaces that have daylighting controls or daylighting control requirements.

California prescribes a modified version of the split flux daylighting methods to be used for compliance. This is an internal daylighting method because the calculations are automatically performed by the simulation engine. For top-lighted or sidelit daylighted areas, California compliance prescribes an internal daylighting model consistent with the split flux algorithms used in many simulation programs. With this method the simulation model has the capability to model the daylighting contribution for each hour of the simulation and make an adjustment to the lighting power for each hour, taking into account factors such as daylighting availability, geometry of the space, daylighting aperture, control type, and the lighting system. The assumption is that the geometry of the space, the reflectance of surfaces, the size and configuration of the daylight apertures, and the light transmission of the glazing are taken from other building descriptors.

For daylight control using a simplified geometry approach, daylight control for both the primary daylit zone (mandatory) and secondary daylit zone (prescriptive) must be indicated on the compliance forms. If the simplified geometry approach is used and the visible transmittance of fenestration does not meet prescriptive requirements, the standard design lighting power is reduced by 20 percent as a penalty. See Interior Lighting.

Daylight Control Requirements
Applicability | All spaces with exterior fenestration
Definition | The extent of daylighting controls in skylit and sidelit areas of the space
Units | List
Input Restrictions | When the installed general lighting power in the primary daylit zone exceeds 120W, daylighting controls are required, per the Title 24 mandatory requirements.
Standard Design | For nonresidential spaces, when the installed general lighting power in the skylit or primary sidelit daylit zone exceeds 120W, daylighting controls are required in the primary daylit zone, per the Title 24 mandatory requirements. For parking garages, when the installed general lighting power in the primary sidelit or secondary sidelit daylit zone exceeds 120W, daylighting controls are required, per the Title 24 mandatory requirements. Luminaires located in daylit transition zones or dedicated ramps are exempt from this requirement. For nonresidential spaces, daylighting controls are specified when the installed general lighting power in the skylit, primary sidelit, or secondary sidelit daylit zone(s) exceeds 120W. For parking garages, when the installed general lighting power in the primary sidelit or secondary sidelit daylit zone exceeds 120W, daylighting controls are required. Luminaires located in daylit transition zones or dedicated ramps are exempt from this requirement.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | When lighting systems in an existing altered building are not modified as part of the alteration, daylighting controls are the same as the proposed design. When an alteration increases the area of a lighted space, increases lighting power in a space, or when luminaires are modified in a space where proposed design lighting power density is greater than 85 percent of the standard design LPD, daylighting control requirements are the same as for new construction.

Skylit, Primary, and Secondary Daylighted Area
Applicability | All daylighted spaces
Definition | The floor area that is daylighted. The skylit area is the portion of the floor area that gets daylighting from a skylight. Two types of sidelit daylighted areas are recognized. The primary daylighted area is the portion that is closest to the daylighting source and receives the most illumination. The secondary daylighted area is an area farther from the daylighting source, which still receives useful daylight. The primary daylight area for sidelighting is a band near the window with a depth equal to the distance from the floor to the top of the window and width equal to window width plus 0.5 times window head height wide on each side of the window opening. The secondary daylight area for sidelighting is a band beyond the primary daylighted area that extends a distance double the distance from the floor to the top of the window and width equal to window width plus 0.5 times window head height wide on each side of the window opening. Area beyond a permanent obstruction taller than 6 feet should not be included in the primary and secondary daylight area calculation. The skylit area is a band around the skylight well that has a depth equal to the 70 percent of the ceiling height from the edge of the skylight well. The geometry of the skylit daylit area will be the same as the geometry of the skylight. Area beyond a permanent obstruction taller than 50 percent of the height of the skylight from the floor should not be included in the skylit area calculation. Double counting due to overlaps is not permitted. If there is an overlap between secondary and primary or skylit areas, the effective daylit area used for determining reference position shall be the area minus the overlap.
Units | ft2
Input Restrictions | The daylit areas in a space are derived using other modeling inputs like dimensions of the fenestration and ceiling height of the space.
Standard Design | The daylit areas in the baseline building are derived from other modeling inputs, including the dimensions of the fenestration and ceiling height of the space. Daylit area calculation in the standard design is done after window to wall ratio and skylight to roof ratio rules in Section 5.5.7 of this manual are applied.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction when skylights are added/replaced and general lighting altered

Installed General Lighting Power in the Primary and Skylit Daylit Zone
Applicability | All spaces
Definition | The installed lighting power of general lighting in the primary and skylit daylit zone. The primary and skylit daylit zone shall be defined on the plans, and be consistent with the definition of the primary and skylit daylit zone in the standards. Note that a separate building descriptor, fraction of controlled lighting, defines the fraction of the lighting power in the space that is controlled by daylighting.
Units | Watts
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The installed lighting power for the standard design is the product of the primary daylit area and the LPD for general lighting in the space.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction when skylights are added/replaced and general lights are altered

Installed General Lighting Power in the Secondary Daylit Zone
Applicability | All spaces
Definition | The installed lighting power of general lighting in the secondary daylit zone. The secondary daylit zone shall be defined on the plans and be consistent with the definition of the secondary daylit zone in the standards. Note that a separate building descriptor, fraction of controlled lighting, defines the fraction of the lighting power in the space that is controlled by daylighting.
Units | W
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | The installed lighting power for the standard design is the product of the secondary daylit area and the LPD for general lighting in the space.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction when skylights are added/replaced and general lights are altered

Reference Position for Illuminance Calculations
Applicability | All spaces or thermal zones, depending on which object is the primary container for daylighting controls
Definition | The position of the two daylight reference points within the daylit space. Lighting controls are simulated so that the illuminance at the reference position is always maintained at or above the illuminance setpoint. For step switching controls, the combined daylight illuminance plus uncontrolled electric light illuminance at the reference position must be greater than the setpoint illuminance before the controlled lighting can be dimmed or tuned off for stepped controls. Similarly, dimming controls will be dimmed so that the combination of the daylight illuminance plus the controlled lighting illuminance is equal to the setpoint illuminance. Preliminary reference points for primary and secondary daylit areas are located at the farthest end of the daylit area aligned with the center of the each window. For skylit area, the preliminary reference point is located at the center of the edge of the skylit area closest to the centroid of the space. In each case, the Z – coordinate of the reference position (elevation) shall be located 2.5 feet above the floor. Up to two final reference positions can be selected from among the preliminary reference positions identified in for each space.
Units | Data structure
Input Restrictions | The user does not specify the reference position locations; reference positions are automatically calculated by the compliance software based on the procedure outlined below. Preliminary reference positions are each assigned a relative daylight potential (RDP) which estimates the available illuminance at each position, and the final reference position selection is made based on the RDP. RDP: An estimate of daylight potential at a specific reference position. This is NOT used directly in the energy simulation, but it used to determine precedence for selecting the final reference points. The relative daylight potential is calculated as a function of effective aperture, azimuth, illuminance setpoint and the type (skylit, primary sidelit, or secondary sidelit) of the associated daylit zone. RDP is defined as: Where:,, and are selected from the following table.
| Skylit Daylit Zones | Primary Sidelit Daylit Zones | Secondary Sidelit Daylit Zones
Illuminance Setpoint |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
≤ 200 lux | 3927 | 0 | 3051 | 1805 | -0.40 | 3506 | 7044 | -3.32 | 1167
≤ 1000 lux | 12046 | 0 | -421 | 6897 | -7.22 | 475 | 1512 | -2.88 | -22
> 1000 lux | 5900 | 0 | -516 | 884 | -5.85 | 823 | 212 | -0.93 | 57
Illuminance Setpoint: This is defined by the user, and is entered by the user, subject to the limits specified in Appendix 5.4A, determined from the space type. Source Orientation (SO): The angle of the outward facing normal of the daylight source’s parent surface projected onto a horizontal plane, expressed as degrees from south. This is not a user input but is calculated from the geometry of the parent surface. For skylights, the source orientation is not applicable. For vertical fenestration, it is defined: Where: Azimuth is defined as the azimuth of the parent object containing the fenestration associated with the preliminary reference point. Effective Aperture (EA): For this calculation, effective aperture represents the effectiveness of all sources which illuminate a specific reference position in contributing to the daylight available to the associated daylit zone. In cases where daylit zones from multiple fenestration objects intersect, the effective aperture of an individual daylit zone is adjusted to account for those intersections according to the following rules: • For skylit and primary sidelit daylit zones, intersections with other skylit or primary sidelit daylit zones are considered. • For secondary sidelit daylit zones, intersections with any toplit or sidelit (primary or secondary) daylit zones are considered. Effective aperture is defined as follows: Where:
| is the combined effective aperture of all daylight sources illuminating a specific daylit zone
| is the user specified visible transmittance of the fenestration object directly associated with the daylit zone
| is the area of the fenestration object directly associated with the daylit zone
| is the user specified visible transmittance of the fenestration object associated with each intersecting daylit zone
| is the area of the fenestration object directly associated with each intersecting daylit zone
| is the fraction of intersecting area between the daylit zone in question and each intersecting daylit zone:
| is the area of each intersecting daylit zone (including area that might fall outside a space or exterior boundary)
| is the area of the daylit zone (including area that might fall outside a space or exterior boundary).
First Reference Position: Select the preliminary reference point with the highest relative daylight potential (RDP) from among all preliminary reference points located within either top or primary sidelit daylit zones. If multiple reference points have identical RDPs, select the reference point geometrically closest to the centroid of the space. Second Reference Position: Select the preliminary reference point with the highest RDP from amongst all remaining preliminary reference points located within either top or primary sidelit daylit zones. If multiple reference points have identical RDPs, select the reference point geometrically closest to the centroid of the space.
Standard Design | Reference positions for the standard design shall be selected using the same procedure as those selected for the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Additions or alternations of lighting in spaces trigger the daylighting control requirements whenever the total installed lighting in the daylit zone is 120 W or greater, and the reference positions shall be determined in the same manner as with new construction. This only applies when alterations or additions to the lighting in an existing building trigger daylighting control requirements.

Illumination Adjustment Factor
Applicability | All Daylighted Spaces
Definition | Recent studies have shown that the split flux interreflection component model used in many simulation programs overestimates the energy savings due to daylighting, particularly deep in the space. A set of two adjustment factors is provided, one for the primary daylit zone and one for the secondary daylit zone. For simulation purposes, the input daylight illuminance setpoint will be modified by the illuminance adjustment factor as follows:
Units | Unitless
Input Restrictions | Prescribed values for space type in Appendix 5.4A
Standard Design | The baseline building illumination adjustment factors shall match the proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction when skylights are added/replaced and general light is altered.

Fraction of Controlled Lighting
Applicability | Daylighted Spaces
Definition | The fraction of the general lighting power in the (daylighted) primary and skylit daylit zone, or secondary sidelit daylit zone that is controlled by daylighting controls.
Units | Numeric: fraction for primary and skylit daylit zone, and fraction for secondary zone
Input Restrictions | As designed for secondary daylit areas. If the proposed design has no daylight controls in the secondary daylit area the value is set to 0 for the general lights in the secondary daylit area. Primary and skylit daylit area fraction of controlled general lighting shall be as designed when the daylight control requirements building descriptor indicates that they are not required, and shall be 1 when controls are required.
Standard Design | When daylight controls are required according to the daylight control requirements building descriptor in either the primary daylit and skylit zone, or the secondary daylit zone, or both, the fraction of controlled lighting shall be 1.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction when skylights are added/replaced, and general light is altered.

Daylighting Control Type
Applicability | Daylighted Spaces
Definition | The type of control that is used to control the electric lighting in response to daylight available at the reference point. Options: • Stepped switching controls vary the electric input power and lighting output power in discrete equally spaced steps. At each step, the fraction of light output is equal to the fraction of rated power. • Continuous dimming controls have a fraction to rated power to fraction of rated output that is a linear interpolation of the minimum power fraction at the minimum diming light fraction to rated power (power fraction = 1.0) at full light output. See Figure 8: Example Continuous Dimming Control Continuous dimming + off controls are the same as continuous dimming controls except that these controls can turn all the way off when none of the controlled light output is needed. See the example control chart below. #### Figure 8: Example Continuous Dimming Control
Units | List (see above)
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Baseline does not have daylighting control (continuous).
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction when skylights are added/replaced, and general light is altered.

Minimum Dimming Power Fraction
Applicability | Daylit spaces
Definition | The minimum power fraction when controlled lighting is fully dimmed. Minimum power fraction = minimum power / full rated power.
Units | Numeric: fraction
Input Restrictions | As designed, specified from luminaire type (not a user input)
Standard Design | Baseline building uses continuous dimming control with a minimum dimming power fraction from Table 8: Baseline Power/Light Output Fraction. Where the controlled luminaire type, input by the user, determines the minimum dimming power fraction.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction when skylights are added/replaced, and general light is altered.

Minimum Dimming Light Fraction
Applicability | Daylighting and dimming controls
Definition | The minimum light output when controlled lighting is fully dimmed. Minimum light fraction = minimum light output / rated light output.
Units | Numeric: fraction
Input Restrictions | As designed
Standard Design | Baseline building uses continuous dimming control with a minimum dimming light fraction from Table 8: Baseline Power/Light Output Fraction. Where the controlled luminaire type, input by the user, determines the minimum dimming power fraction.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction when skylights are added/replaced, and general light is altered.

#### Table 8: Baseline Power/Light Output Fraction

Light Source | Power Fraction | Light Output Fraction
LED | 0.1 | 0.1
Linear Fluorescent | 0.2 | 0.2
Mercury Vapor | 0.3 | 0.2
Metal Halide | 0.45 | 0.2
High Pressure Sodium | 0.4 | 0.2
CFL | 0.4 | 0.2
Incandescent | 0.5 | 0.2

### 5.4.6 Receptacle Loads

Receptacle loads contribute to heat gains in spaces and directly use energy.

Receptacle Power
Applicability | All building projects
Definition | Receptacle power is power for typical general service loads in the building. Receptacle power includes equipment loads normally served through electrical receptacles, such as office equipment and printers, but does not include either task lighting or equipment used for HVAC purposes. Receptacle power values are slightly higher than the largest hourly receptacle load that is actually modeled because the receptacle power values are modified by the receptacle schedule, which approaches but does not exceed 1.0.
Units | Total power (W) or the space power density (W/ft²) Compliance software shall also use the following prescribed values to specify the latent heat gain fraction and the radiative/convective heat gain split. For software that specifies the fraction of the heat gain that is lost from the space, this fraction shall be prescribed at 0. Heat Gain Fractions:
| Radiative | Latent | Convective
Receptacle Power | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.80
Gas Equipment Power | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00
Input Restrictions | Prescribed to values from Appendix 5.4A
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

Receptacle Schedule
Applicability | All projects
Definition | Schedule for receptacle power loads used to adjust the intensity on an hourly basis to reflect time-dependent patterns of usage.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fraction
Input Restrictions | Prescribed to schedule in Appendix 5.4A
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

### 5.4.7 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment

Commercial refrigeration equipment includes the following:

• Walk-in refrigerators

• Walk-in freezers

• Refrigerated casework

Walk-in refrigerators and freezers typically have remote condensers. Some refrigerated casework has remote condensers, while some have a self-contained condenser built into the unit. Refrigerated casework with built-in condensers rejects heat directly to the space while remote condensers reject heat in the remote location, typically on the roof or behind the building.

Refrigerated casework can be further classified by the purpose, the type of doors and, when there are no doors, the configuration: horizontal, vertical or semi-vertical. DOE has developed standards for refrigerated casework.

Table 9 shows these classifications along with the standard level of performance, expressed in kWh/d, which depends on the class of equipment, the total display area, and the volume of the casework.

#### Table 9: DOE Requirements for Refrigerated Casework (kWh/d)

Walk-in refrigerators and freezers are not covered by the DOE standards and test procedures. Title 24 default values for these are given in Table 10: Default Power for Walk-In Refrigerators and Freezers (W/ft²). These values are expressed in W/ft² of refrigerator or freezer area. This power is assumed to occur continuously. Some walk-ins have glass display doors on one side so that products can be loaded from the back. Glass display doors increase the power requirements of walk-ins. Additional power is added when glass display doors are present. The total power for walk-in refrigerators and freezers is given in Equation 1.

Equation 1:

Where:

PWalk-in is the estimated power density for the walk-in refrigerator or freezer in (W)

Axxx the area of the walk-in refrigerator or freezer (ft²)

Nxxx the number of glass display doors (unitless)

PDxxx the power density of the walk-in refrigerator or freezer taken from Table 10: Default Power for Walk-In Refrigerators and Freezers (W/ft²) (W/ft²)

Dxxx the power associated with a glass display door for a walk-in refrigerator or freezer (W/door)

xxx subscript indicating a walk-in freezer or refrigerator (Ref or Frz)

#### Table 10: Default Power for Walk-In Refrigerators and Freezers (W/ft²)

Floor Area | Refrigerator | Freezer
100 ft² or less | 8.0 | 16.0
101 ft² to 250 ft² | 6.0 | 12.0
0251 ft² to 450 ft² | 5.0 | 9.5
451 ft² to 650 ft² | 4.5 | 8.0
651 ft² to 800 ft² | 4.0 | 7.0
801 ft² to 1,000 ft² | 3.5 | 6.5
More than 1,000 ft² | 3.0 | 6.0
Additional Power for each Glass Display Door | 105 | 325

Source: These values are determined using the procedures of the Heatcraft Engineering Manual, Commercial Refrigeration Cooling and Freezing Load Calculations and Reference Guide, August 2006. The EER is assumed to be 12.39 for refrigerators and 6.33 for Freezers. The specific efficiency is assumed to be 70 for refrigerators and 50 for freezers. Operating temperature is assumed to be 35 F for refrigerators and -10 F for freezers.

Refrigeration Modeling Method
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial refrigeration for cold storage or display
Definition | The method used to estimate refrigeration energy and to model the thermal interaction with the space where casework is located. Two methods are included in this manual: • Title 24 defaults. With this method, the power density values provided in Appendix 5.4A are used; schedules are assumed to be continuous operation. • DOE performance ratings. With this method, the energy modeler takes inventory of the refrigerated casework in the rated building and sums the rated energy use (typically in kWh/day). Walk-in refrigerators and freezers shall use the defaults from Equation 1 and the values from Table 9. All refrigeration equipment is then assumed to operate continuously. The remaining building descriptors in this section apply to buildings that use either the Title 24 defaults or the DOE performance ratings.
Units | List (see above)
Input Restrictions | None. For California compliance, the Title 24 defaults shall be used. Otherwise, there are no input restrictions.
Standard Design | Same as proposed
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

[1] See Table C-43, p. 146 of NREL/TP-550-41956, Methodology for Modeling Building Energy Performance across the Commercial Sector, Technical Report, Appendix C, March 2008. The values in this report were taken from Table 8-3 of the California Commercial End-Use Survey, Consultants Report, March 2006, CEC-400-2006-005

Refrigeration Power
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial refrigeration for cold storage or display
Definition | Commercial refrigeration power is the average power for all commercial refrigeration equipment, assuming constant year-round operation. Equipment includes walk-in refrigerators and freezers, open refrigerated casework, and closed refrigerated casework. It does not include residential type refrigerators used in kitchenettes or refrigerated vending machines. These are covered under receptacle power.
Units | W/ft2
Input Restrictions | With the Title 24 defaults method, the values in Appendix 5.4A are prescribed. These values are multiplied times the floor area of the rated building to estimate the refrigeration power. With the DOE performance ratings method, refrigeration power is estimated by summing the kWh/day for all the refrigeration equipment in the space and dividing by 24 hours. The refrigeration power for walk-in refrigerators and freezers is added to this value.
Standard Design | Refrigeration power is the same as the proposed design when the Title 24 defaults are used. When the DOE performance ratings method is used, refrigeration power for casework shall be determined from Table 9 the power for walk-in refrigerators and freezers shall be the same as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

Remote Condenser Fraction
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial refrigeration for cold storage or display and use the Title 24 defaults or DOE performance ratings methods
Definition | The fraction of condenser heat that is rejected to the outdoors. For self-contained refrigeration casework, this value will be zero. For remote condenser systems, this value is 1.0. For combination systems, the value should be weighted according refrigeration capacity. For refrigeration with self-contained condensers and compressors, the heat that is removed from the space is equal to the heat that is rejected to the space, since the evaporator and condenser are both located in the same space. There may be some latent cooling associated with operation of the equipment, but this may be ignored with the Title 24 defaults or DOE performance ratings methods. The operation of self-contained refrigeration units may be approximated by adding a continuously operating electric load to the space that is equal to the energy consumption of the refrigeration units. Self-contained refrigeration units add heat to the space that must be removed by the HVAC system. When the condenser is remotely located, heat is removed from the space but rejected outdoors. In this case, the refrigeration equipment functions similar to a continuously running split system air conditioner. Some heat is added to the space for the evaporator fan, the anti-fog heaters and other auxiliary energy uses, but refrigeration systems with remote condensers remove more heat from the space where they are located than they add. The HVAC system must compensate for this imbalance. For remotely located condensers using the Title 24 defaults or DOE performance ratings methods, the heat that is removed from the space is determined as follows: Where:
| The rate of heat removal from the space due to the continuous operation of the refrigeration system (kBtu/h). A negative number means that heat is being removed from the space; a positive number means that heat is being added.
| The power of the refrigeration system determined by using the Title 24 defaults or the DOE performance ratings method (kW)
| The remote condenser fraction (see building descriptor below) (unitless)
| The coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system (unitless)
The simple approach outlined above assumes that there is no latent cooling associated with the refrigeration system. The heat addition or removal resulting from the above equation can be modeled in a number of ways to accommodate the variety of calculation engines available. It can be scheduled if the engine can accommodate a heat removal schedule. It can be modeled as a separate, constantly running air conditioner if the engine can accommodate two cooling systems serving the same thermal zone. Other modeling techniques are acceptable as long as they are thermodynamically equivalent.
Units | Fraction
Input Restrictions | None
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

Refrigeration COP
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial refrigeration for cold storage or display and use the Title 24 defaults or DOE performance ratings methods
Definition | The coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system. This is used only to determine the heat removed or added to the space, not to determine the refrigeration power or energy.
Units | Fraction
Input Restrictions | This value is prescribed to be 3.6 for refrigerators and 1.8 for freezers
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

Refrigeration Schedule
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial refrigeration for cold storage or display
Definition | The schedule of operation for commercial refrigeration equipment used to convert refrigeration power to energy use.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | Continuous operation is prescribed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design |
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as for new construction

### 5.4.8 Elevators, Escalators and Moving Walkways

Elevators, escalators and moving walkways account for 3 percent to 5 percent of electric energy use in buildings. Buildings up to about five to seven stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost. Mid-rise buildings commonly use traction elevators with geared motors, while high-rise buildings typically use gearless systems where the motor directly drives the sheave. The energy-using components include the motors and controls as well as the lighting and ventilation systems for the cabs.

Elevators are custom designed for each building. In this respect they are less like products than they are engineered systems, e.g. they are more akin to chilled water plants where the engineer chooses a chiller, a tower, pumping and other components which are field engineered into a system. The main design criteria are safety and service. Some manufacturers have focused on energy efficiency of late and introduced technologies such as advanced controls that optimize the position of cars for minimum travel and regeneration motors that become generators when a loaded car descends or an empty car rises. These technologies can result in 35 percent to 40 percent savings.

The motors and energy-using equipment is typically located within the building envelope so it produces heat that must be removed by ventilation or by air conditioning systems. In energy models, a dedicated thermal zone (elevator shaft) will typically be created and this space can be indirectly cooled (from adjacent spaces) or positively cooled.

Little information is known on how to model elevators. As engineered systems, the model would need information on the number of starts per day, the number of floors, motor and drive characteristics, and other factors. Some work has been done to develop and categorize energy models for elevators; however a simple procedure is recommended based on a count of the number of elevators, escalators, and moving walkways in the building. This data is shown in Table 11.

#### Table 11: Unit Energy Consumption Data for Elevators, Escalators,
and Moving Walkways

Mode | Elevators | Escalators and Moving Walkways
Power (W) | Annual Hours | Power (W) | Annual Hours
Active | 10,000 | 300 | 4,671 | 4,380
Ready | 500 | 7,365 | n.a. | 0
Standby | 250 | 1,095 | n.a. | 0
Off | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,380
Typical Annual Energy Use | 7,000 kWh/y | 20,500 kWh/y

Elevator/Escalator Power
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalators, or moving walkways
Definition | The power for elevators, escalators and moving walkways for different modes of operation. Elevators typically operate in three modes: active (when the car is moving passengers), ready (when the lighting and ventilation systems are active but the car is not moving), and standby (when the lights and ventilation systems are off). Escalators and moving walkways are either active or turned off.
Units | W/unit
Input Restrictions | The power values from Table 11 for different modes of operation are prescribed for the proposed design.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Elevator/Escalator Schedule
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial elevators, escalators, or moving walkways
Definition | The schedule of operation for elevators, escalators, and moving walkways. This is used to convert elevator/escalator power to energy use.
Units | Data structure: schedule, state
Input Restrictions | The operating schedule is prescribed. For California compliance, an appropriate schedule from Appendix 5.4B shall be used. If values other than those shown in Appendix 5.4B are used, this will be reported as a condition requiring an exceptional condition review by a third party reviewer.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

### 5.4.9 Process, Gas

Commercial gas equipment includes the following:

• Ovens

• Fryers

• Grills

• Other equipment

The majority of gas equipment is located in the space and may contribute both sensible and latent heat. Gas equipment is typically modeled by specifying the rate of peak gas consumption and modifying this with a fractional schedule. Energy consumption data for gas equipment is only beginning to emerge.

Because of these limits, the procedure for commercial gas is limited. The procedure consists of prescribed power and energy values for use with both the proposed design and the baseline building. No credit for commercial gas energy efficiency features is offered.

The prescribed values are provided in Appendix 5.4A. Schedules are defaulted to be continuous operation.

Gas Equipment Power
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial gas equipment
Definition | Commercial gas power is the average power for all commercial gas equipment, assuming constant year-round operation.
Units | Btu/h-ft² Compliance software shall also use the following prescribed values to specify the latent heat gain fraction and the radiative/convective heat gain split. For software that specifies the fraction of the heat gain that is lost from the space, this fraction shall be prescribed at 0. Gas Equipment Power Heat Gain Fractions: Radiative = 0.15, Latent = 0, Convective = 0
Input Restrictions | The values in Appendix 5.4A are prescribed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Gas Equipment Schedule
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial gas equipment
Definition | The schedule of operation for commercial gas equipment. This is used to convert gas power to energy use.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | Continuous operation is prescribed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Gas Equipment Location
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial gas equipment
Definition | The assumed location of the gas equipment for modeling purposes. Choices are in the space or external.
Units | List (see above)
Input Restrictions | As designed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Radiation Factor
Applicability | Gas appliances located in the space
Definition | The fraction of heat gain to appliance energy use
Units | Fraction
Input Restrictions | Default value is 0.15. Other values can be used when a detailed inventory of equipment is known. The override value shall be based on data in Table 5C, Chapter 18, ASHRAE HOF, 2009, or similar tested information from the manufacturer.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Usage Factor
Applicability | Gas appliances located in the space
Definition | A duty cycle or usage factor to appliance energy use. The radiation factor and usage factor are used together to determine the sensible heat gain to the space: Qsens = Qinput x FU x FR Where Qinput is the heat input of the equipment in Btu/h or Btu/h-ft2, FU is the usage factor and FR is the radiation factor
Units | Fraction
Input Restrictions | Default value is 0.70. Other values can be used when a detailed inventory of equipment is known. The override value shall be based on data in Table 5C, Chapter 18, ASHRAE HOF, 2009, or similar tested information from the manufacturer.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Gas Process Loads
Applicability | Spaces with process loads
Definition | Process load is the gas energy consumption in the conditioned space of a building resulting from an activity or treatment not related to the space conditioning, lighting, service water heating, or ventilating of a building as it relates to human occupancy. Process load may include sensible and/or latent components. Compliance software shall model and simulate process loads only if the amount of the process energy and the location and type of process equipment are specified in the construction documents. This information shall correspond to specific special equipment shown on the building plans and detailed in the specifications. The compliance software shall inform the user that the software will output process loads including the types of process equipment and locations on the compliance forms.
Units | Data structure: sensible (Btu/h), latent (Btu/h)
Input Restrictions | Compliance software shall receive input for sensible and/or latent process load for each zone in the proposed design. The process load input shall include the amount of the process load (Btu/h-ft2) and the thermal zone where the process equipment is located. The modeled information shall be consistent with the plans and specifications of the building.
Standard Design | The standard design shall use the same gas process loads and sensible and latent contribution and radiative/convective split for each zone as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction

Electric Process Loads
Applicability | Spaces with electric process loads
Definition | Process load is the electrical energy consumption in the conditioned space of a building resulting from an activity or treatment not related to the space conditioning, lighting, service water heating, or ventilating of a building as it relates to human occupancy. Data center loads including transformers, uninteruptible power supplies, power delivery units, server fans and power supplies are considered receptacle loads, not process loads, and the equipment schedules are given in Appendix 5.4B. Compliance software shall model and simulate process loads only if the amount of the process energy and the location and type of process equipment are specified in the construction documents. This information shall correspond to specific special equipment shown on the building plans and detailed in the specifications. The compliance software shall inform the user that the software will output process loads including the types of process equipment and locations on the compliance forms.
Units | Data structure: load (kW) For electric process loads, the radiative fraction shall be defaulted to 0.2 and the convective fraction shall be defaulted to 0.8 by the compliance software. The user may enter other values for the radiative/convective split, but the compliance software shall verify that the values add to 1.
Input Restrictions | Compliance software shall receive input for sensible and/or latent process load for each zone in the proposed design. The process load input shall include the amount of the process load (Btu/h-ft2) and the thermal zone where the process equipment is located. The modeled information shall be consistent with the plans and specifications of the building.
Standard Design | The standard design shall use the same process loads and radiative/convective split for each zone as the proposed design.
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Same as new construction

Gas Process Load Schedule
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial gas equipment
Definition | The schedule of process load operation. Used to convert gas power to energy use.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | As designed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable

Electric Process Load Schedule
Applicability | All buildings that have commercial gas equipment
Definition | The schedule of electric process load operation.
Units | Data structure: schedule, fractional
Input Restrictions | As designed.
Standard Design | Same as the proposed design
Standard Design: Existing Buildings | Not applicable